Gunpowder
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Gunpowder was first invented by the Chinese in the 11th century. Originally it was just used in ceremonies and in fireworks, but it soon found its way to the battlefield. Its early uses were on arrows, shooting them at the enemy, but soon they discovered that when ignited, it caused released a large amount of force that could be used in other more compact weapons like cannons and early guns. While these guns were much closer range than bows, they were much more compact and easier to carry.